Content of this Ref App has been adapted from Palliative Care Pain & Symptom Management Reference Guide (2018) produced by McMaster University, Division of Palliative Care

Author & Editor: Nadia R Plach MD PhD CCFP FCFP, Associate Clinical Professor McMaster University

Many thanks to Dr Joshua Shadd, Dr Alan Taniguchi, Dr Kim Adzich, Dr Hun-Je Park and Debbie Winterbottom (assistant pharmacist) for their helpful contributions to prior editions

Additional thanks to the faculty of the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University for their ongoing encouragement and support